Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. This condition is a common urinary tract disorder and can cause severe pain, infection, and in some cases, kidney damage.

Causes of Kidney Stones

Several factors contribute to kidney stone formation, including:

  • Dehydration

  • High intake of protein, salt, or sugar

  • Metabolic disorders (e.g., hypercalcemia)

  • Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)

  • Family history of kidney stones

Types of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are classified based on their chemical composition:

  1. Calcium stones (most common, usually calcium oxalate)

  2. Struvite stones (associated with bacterial infections)

  3. Uric acid stones (common in high-protein diets)

  4. Cystine stones (due to rare genetic disorders)

Symptoms

  • Severe flank/back pain (renal colic)

  • Painful urination

  • Blood in urine (hematuria)

  • Nausea & vomiting

  • Frequent/urgent urination

Diagnosis Methods

  • Urine tests

  • Blood tests

  • Imaging (ultrasound, CT scan)

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on stone size and type:

  • Increased water intake (for small stones)

  • Pain relievers & muscle relaxants

  • Medications to prevent recurrence

  • Invasive procedures (e.g., lithotripsy, surgery for large stones)

Prevention

  • Stay hydrated (drink 2–3 liters/day)

  • Reduce salt & animal protein

  • Maintain healthy weight

  • Follow a diet tailored to stone type

Final Recommendation

Kidney stones are common but manageable. Proper hydration and diet can prevent recurrence.

If you experience symptoms or need expert consultation, visit Dr. Afshin Shadmehr’s clinic in Kish Island for specialized care.

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